ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] table [ * ]
ADD [ COLUMN ] column type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] table [ * ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET DEFAULT value | DROP DEFAULT }
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] table [ * ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] table [ * ]
RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO newcolumn
ALTER TABLE table
RENAME TO new_table
ALTER TABLE table
ADD table_constraint_definition
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] table
DROP CONSTRAINT constraint { RESTRICT | CASCADE }
ALTER TABLE table
OWNER TO new_owner
The name of an existing table to alter.
Name of a new or existing column.
Type of the new column.
New name for an existing column.
New name for the table.
New table constraint for the table
The user name of the new owner of the table.
ALTER TABLE changes the definition of an existing table. The ADD COLUMN form adds a new column to the table using the same syntax as CREATE TABLE. The ALTER COLUMN SET/DROP DEFAULT forms allow you to set or remove the default for the column. Note that defaults only apply to subsequent INSERT commands; they do not cause rows already in the table to change. The ALTER COLUMN SET STATISTICS form allows you to set the statistics-gathering target for subsequent ANALYZE operations. The RENAME clause causes the name of a table, column, index, or sequence to change without changing any of the data. The data will remain of the same type and size after the command is executed. The ADD table_constraint_definition clause adds a new constraint to the table using the same syntax as CREATE TABLE. The DROP CONSTRAINT constraint clause drops all constraints on the table (and its children) that match constraint. The OWNER clause changes the owner of the table to the user new user.
You must own the table in order to change its schema.
The keyword COLUMN is noise and can be omitted.
In the current implementation of ADD COLUMN, default and NOT NULL clauses for the new column are not supported. You can use the SET DEFAULT form of ALTER TABLE to set the default later. (You may also want to update the already existing rows to the new default value, using UPDATE.)
In DROP CONSTRAINT, the RESTRICT keyword is required, although dependencies are not yet checked. The CASCADE option is unsupported. Currently DROP CONSTRAINT drops only CHECK constraints. To remove a PRIMARY or UNIQUE constraint, drop the relevant index using the DROP INDEX command. To remove FOREIGN KEY constraints you need to recreate and reload the table, using other parameters to the CREATE TABLE command.
For example, to drop all constraints on a table distributors:
CREATE TABLE temp AS SELECT * FROM distributors;
DROP TABLE distributors;
CREATE TABLE distributors AS SELECT * FROM temp;
DROP TABLE temp;
You must own the table in order to change it. Changing any part of the schema of a system catalog is not permitted. The PostgreSQL User's Guide has further information on inheritance.
Refer to CREATE TABLE for a further description of valid arguments.
To add a column of type varchar to a table:
ALTER TABLE distributors ADD COLUMN address VARCHAR(30);
To rename an existing column:
ALTER TABLE distributors RENAME COLUMN address TO city;
To rename an existing table:
ALTER TABLE distributors RENAME TO suppliers;
To add a check constraint to a table:
ALTER TABLE distributors ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5);
To remove a check constraint from a table and all its children:
ALTER TABLE distributors DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk RESTRICT;
To add a foreign key constraint to a table:
ALTER TABLE distributors ADD CONSTRAINT distfk FOREIGN KEY (address) REFERENCES addresses(address) MATCH FULL;
To add a (multicolumn) unique constraint to a table:
ALTER TABLE distributors ADD CONSTRAINT dist_id_zipcode_key UNIQUE (dist_id, zipcode);
To add an automatically named primary key constraint to a table, noting that a table can only ever have one primary key:
ALTER TABLE distributors ADD PRIMARY KEY (dist_id);
The ADD COLUMN form is compliant with the exception that it does not support defaults and NOT NULL constraints, as explained above. The ALTER COLUMN form is in full compliance.
SQL92 specifies some additional capabilities for ALTER TABLE statement which are not yet directly supported by PostgreSQL:
ALTER TABLE table DROP [ COLUMN ] column { RESTRICT | CASCADE }
Removes a column from a table. Currently, to remove an existing column the table must be recreated and reloaded:
CREATE TABLE temp AS SELECT did, city FROM distributors;
DROP TABLE distributors;
CREATE TABLE distributors (
did DECIMAL(3) DEFAULT 1,
name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL
);
INSERT INTO distributors SELECT * FROM temp;
DROP TABLE temp;
The clauses to rename tables, columns, indexes, and sequences are PostgreSQL extensions from SQL92.